The Black greenhouse, with technological innovation at its core, has explored a new model for the coordinated development of agricultural production and ecological protection. Its signature "black coat" is made of special shading materials and is equipped with intelligent light-sensing elements that can automatically adjust the light transmission according to the intensity of solar radiation. When the light exceeds the growth threshold of crops, the microstructure in the material will change the refraction Angle of light, reflecting more than 60% of infrared rays and reducing the internal temperature of the greenhouse by 5 to 8 degrees Celsius. According to actual monitoring data, compared with traditional greenhouses, black greenhouses can reduce the usage time of air conditioners by 35% in summer and lower heating energy consumption by 28% in winter through the high insulation performance of materials, with an annual carbon emission reduction of approximately 22 tons per hectare.
In the water resources management system, the black greenhouse integrates both drip irrigation and micro-sprinkler irrigation systems. The drip irrigation pipes adopt an anti-clogging labyrinth design, with a water uniformity of over 95%. Combined with a soil moisture sensor buried 10 centimeters deep, data is collected every 15 minutes to achieve millimeter-level precise water supply. In a certain black greenhouse demonstration base in Xinjiang, the daily water supply for tomato cultivation can be controlled at 12 to 15 liters per square meter, which saves 78% of water compared to flood irrigation in large fields and can effectively prevent soil salinization. The micro-sprinkler irrigation system uses high-pressure atomizing nozzles, which are activated during high-temperature periods. This can maintain the air humidity in the greenhouse within an appropriate range of 60% to 70%, reducing water loss through crop transpiration.
In terms of fertilizer management, the black greenhouse builds a closed-loop system relying on Internet of Things technology. The soil nutrient sensor can detect 12 indicators such as ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in real time, and the data is synchronously transmitted to the cloud database. The central control system, based on the crop growth model, calculates the optimal ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and precisely injects the fertilizer solution into the irrigation water through the Venturi fertilizer. The cucumber planting experiment in Shouguang, Shandong Province, shows that this system has increased the fertilizer utilization rate from the conventional 35% to 82%, reduced the urea usage by 450 kilograms per hectare in a single season, and effectively lowered the risk of eutrophication of the surrounding water bodies.
The pest and disease control system is based on the combination of biological and physical control. In the black greenhouses for strawberry cultivation, releasing 20 Chilean small plant mites per square meter can keep the population density of red spiders below the economic threshold. Physical control facilities include insect-proof nets with a diameter of 0.8 millimeters, which can block over 98% of adult whiteflies. The yellow board trap uses UV-B band insect trapping light source and can capture 300 to 500 thrips in a single day. When biological and physical measures fail, the system will automatically trigger the spraying of low-dose biological pesticides, reducing the amount of pesticides used by 70% compared with traditional chemical control.
Waste recycling is an important link in the black greenhouse ecosystem. By using aerobic composting technology, organic waste such as pruned branches and leaves and collected residues is mixed with special microbial agents and decomposed at a high temperature of 55℃ for 21 days. The resulting organic fertilizer has a nitrogen content of 2.3% and an organic matter content of 45%. A certain black greenhouse base in Jiangsu Province has increased the soil organic matter content from 1.2% to 2.1% within three years through the "composting and returning to the field" model, significantly enhancing the disease resistance of crops. In addition, the average annual power generation of the top photovoltaic panels can reach 1,500 kilowatt-hours per mu, meeting 60% of the electricity demand of the greenhouses. After the biogas digester is used to treat organic waste, 200 cubic meters of biogas can be produced annually, which can be used for auxiliary heating in greenhouses during winter, forming a complete resource recycling chain.
